托福听力考试中,大家想要*的找到核心关键点。那么前提可以先掌握一些信号词,信号词的出现,就会引起大家的注意,更好地抓住听力重点。
什么是信号词?
信号词是语篇衔接和连贯的重要手段,它包括逻辑联系语(logical connectives)和段落标题(paragraph headings)。所以!掌握住听力中的信号词, 就相当于把握住了听力的出题点。下面我们以讲座类材料为例,整理总结了托福听力中的信号词。
1、主 题
出现在讲座开头的主题类信号词
主题类信号词一般出现在讲座开头,例如
● Let's...
● Today, I will be talking about ...
● Today, we’ll focus on/ discuss...
但有些讲座的教授在点明主题之前会提及其它信息,例如:
● Last time, we talked about ... today, we will be discussing ...
● We’ve been talking about ... Today, let’s discuss ...
● Continuing ... Today, we will ...
此时,today 后面的内容才是关键,不能被today前面的内容误导了。
2、定 义
被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容
下定义也是讲座中常见的内容,被定义的概念是讲座的关键内容,需要做笔记。
此类信号词有:
● What I mean is
● All that means is
● which is / that is
● in other words,...
● ... is referred to as...
● ... is named/known/called
3、举 例
教授借例子说明的道理更为关键
比起例子中的种种细节,教授借例子说明的道理更为关键。
听到 for instance,such as,namely,as an example,take example for,say,consider,take 之类的字眼后,考生需要回忆起举例之前讲解的内容。有些教授讲完例子后会进行总结,如果考生记不起例子之前的内容,此时记下总结性话语也能答题哟。
4、对 比
区分容易混淆的概念
讲座中,教授常常对比两个容易混淆的概念。我们需分别记录两者异同。此处一定会出现出题点。
常见的对比类信号词有:
● We should not confuse A and B
● A is different from B
● First, let’s make a clear distinction between A and B
● compare to
● contrast
● unlike
● similar to
● in contrast to
● ...differently
● ...differ
● alike
● resemble
● on the other hand,
● instead,
● likewise,
● in the same way 等...
5、因 果
细节题中的逻辑关系
*讲座中,因果是常见的逻辑关系之一。细节题多出现于此处。
表示原因的信号词有:
because,because of,due to,since,as,for,the reason is,that’s why,by reason of,owing to。
表示结果的信号词有:
so, so that, therefore, thereby, hereby, thus, as a result, consequently, hence, accordingly
6、转 折
转折后出现的强调信息
转折是对前文的否定,转折后面出现的信息往往需要强调,此处多为出题点。
常见的表示转折的信号词有:
but,however,nevertheless,while, yet, unless, except for, actually,in fact, to tell you the truth,practically,virtually,as a matter of fact
7、结 论
容易得分的结论题
讲座的*后也可能是出题点,而且该点比较容易得分。结论是*获得的信息,遗忘率*。咱们千万不能放弃这类题。
常见的结论性信号词有:
conclusion,summarize,make a summary,in brief,in short,in a word,in a conclusion,finally,all in all,to sum up.