所谓同义转换,科学意义上讲就是人通过视觉和听觉将某事物的信号传递给大脑,大脑处理信号之后,将其转换成与原信号意义相同或相近的信号和指令。而在雅思听力考试中,原信号就是题干,而转换过的信号就是录音中出现的关键词(Key Word)和答案,考生需要做的,就是将原信号和转换后的信号进行识别和匹配。了解了同义置换的原理,下面我们来看一下同义置换分为哪几种情况:
A. 主被动相互置换
这两种语态的转换生动地考察了考生的语言功底,因为整个题目看下来,并不是简单的“be+P.P”和动词原形的转换。考生要对题干理解得较为透彻,若题干中出现生词,则将其看做一个标志即可(比如看做A, B, C…),重点在于弄清它们之间的关系。填空题中,还要准确地题库答案的词性和词义,这样才能较准确地在听力中定位到答案。
如剑四Test1 Section2 Question12:
The metal industry was established at Riverside Village by who lived in the area.
听力原文:At that time, local craftsmen first built an iron forge just behind the village here,…
分析:该题正确率普遍较低。原因在于听力原文中出现了主被动同义转换,并且在整句话的一开头就出现了,很多考生还没有反应过来,答案就过去了。所以,尤其是当题干中出现被动语态的时候,一定要注意可能会出现语态的转换,并对答案的词性和词义进行准确地题库。
总结:无论什么题型,只要题干出现被动语态,就联想主动语态的表达,并且要知道转换前后的成分位置发生了倒置,听时要集中注意力;反之若题干是主动语态,则应积极联想被动形式。
B. 词性转换和句式转换
词性的转换主要是名词,动词,形容词和副词等之间的相互转化。而句式的转换主要指陈述句和疑问句的相互转换。在Section1和Section3这样的对话场景中,试卷上的陈述信息往往在听力中被转化成一问一答的形式。如果另一个人的态度是肯定的,那么这个信息就是正确的答案,否则就是陷阱项。
如剑四Test3 Section3 Question23:
In the seminar the work on writing aims to improve
A. confidence
B. speed
C. clarity
听力原文:…to help you to write more clearly.
分析:选项是名词形式,而听力原文却以副词的形式出现。
如剑四Test3 Section1 Question5:
Sara requires a ______.
A. single room
B. twin room
C. triple room
听力原文:Can I share a room with someone else? 也就是对Sara requires a twin room进行了句式上的同义转换,陈述句和疑问句的转换。
总结:朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生平时一定要多多积累一个词的不同词性,切勿片面地背单个单词,应当全面记忆,就像拔花生一样,一拎就拎一串。特别是常见单词的不同词性也要掌握,如long的名词形式是length, wide的名词形式是width等。
C. 同义词或近义词的转化
如剑四Test2 Section2 Question13:
International students may find stress difficult to handle because
A. they lack support from family and friends
B. they don’t have time to make new friends
C. they find it difficult to socialize
听力原文:stress → anxiety, handle → cope with
A. lack →without
又如剑五Test2 Section4 Question31:
More than _____ times as big as the UK.
听力原文:more than → over, as big as the UK → the size of the UK
总结:无论是填空题还是选择题,都会或多或少地遇到同义置换。这就要求考生平时多积累意思相近甚至相同的名词,形容词,动词等词性以及相关词组,增强敏感性。
◆ 以下是常见近义词的替换:
增长:grow, increase, expand, rise, improve, soar, climb, extend, rocket
下降:fall, decline, descend, dive, drop, sink, decrease, go down, slump, cut, dip
限制:limit, restrict, confine, define, narrow, tighten, constrict
重要的,必不可少的,关键的:important, significant, critical, vital, essential, crucial, indispensable, necessary, key, pivotal, chief, principal, leading
足够的,充分的,大量的:sufficient, adequate, enough, abundant, ample, plenty of, considerable, plentiful
依赖:depend on, rely upon(on), count on, lean on, reckon on, rest on, bank on
,*初,*早:first, earliest, oldest, initial, original, commencement, pioneer, coin
危险:hazard, danger, risk, threat, jeopardy, peril
导致,产生:breed, produce, arouse, bring about, cause, generate, give rise to, lead to, result in, contribute to, be responsible for, create
巨大的:large, big, considerable, enormous, gigantic, great ,huge, substantial, vast, massive, numerous, immense, tremendous
在…之前,早于…:prior to, before, earlier than, ahead of, previously, formerly
昂贵的:costly, expensive, highly-priced, exorbitant, dear, stiff, luxury
影响:impact, effect, consequences, significance, impression, influence
好处,优势,价值:merit, worth, value, advantage, strong point, advantage, benefit
&nb